Abstract
In recent years, air pollution has intensified, with high levels of pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere due to the increase in industry, the uncontrolled burning of biomass, and the combustion of fossil fuels. These pose a risk to public health, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and skin conditions. This is in addition to environmental impacts such as the intensification of the greenhouse effect, global warming, and, consequently, climate change. Therefore, it is important to create mitigation and adaptation strategies through the analysis of air quality over time.
References
Afzal, M., Agarwal, S., Elshaikh, R. H., Babker, A. M. A., Choudhary, R. K., Prabhakar, P. K., Zahir, F., & Sah, A. K. (2025). Carbon Monoxide Poison-ing: Diagnosis, Prognostic Factors, Treatment Strategies, and Future Perspectives. Diagnostics, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15050581
Behera, N., & Gokhale, S. (2025). Understanding meteorological factors in-fluencing heavy air pollution in Guwahati, India. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 16(1), 102337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102337
Bilska-Wilkosz, A., Górny, M., & Iciek, M. (2022). Biological and Pharmaco-logical Properties of Carbon Monoxide: A General Overview. Oxygen, 2(2), 130–151. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen2020012
Carlsen, H. K., Valdimarsdóttir, U., Briem, H., Dominici, F., Finnbjornsdottir, R. G., Jóhannsson, T., Aspelund, T., Gislason, T., & Gudnason, T. (2021). Severe volcanic SO2 exposure and respiratory morbidity in the Icelandic population – a register study. Environmental Health, 20(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00698-y
Caselli, M. (2025). Critical Analysis of the Results of a Network System for Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring. Sustainability, 17(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062738
Cheng, Y., Yu, Q., Liu, J., Sun, Y., Liang, L., Du, Z., Geng, G., Ma, W., Qi, H., Zhang, Q., & He, K. (2021). Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol in a frigid urban atmosphere. Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engi-neering, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1452-0
Cican, G., Mirea, R., & Căldărar, M. (2024). Comparative Analysis of Aeroshell 500 Oil Effects on Jet A and Diesel-Powered Aviation Microturbines. Fuels, 5(3), 347–363. https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5030020
Garcia, A., Saez, Y., Harris, I., Huang, X., & Collado, E. (2025). Advance-ments in air quality monitoring: a systematic review of IoT-based air quality monitoring and AI technologies. Artificial Intelligence Review, 58(9), 275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11277-9
Goldstein, S., & Samuni, A. (2024). Chemistry of nitrogen dioxide and its biological implications. Redox Biochemistry and Chemistry, 7, 100020. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbc.2024.100020
Goossens, J., Jonckheere, A.-C., Dupont, L. J., & Bullens, D. M. A. (2021). Air Pollution and the Airways: Lessons from a Century of Human Urbaniza-tion. Atmosphere, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070898
Hilly, J. J., Singh, K. R., Jagals, P., Mani, F. S., Turagabeci, A., Ashworth, M., Mataki, M., Morawska, L., Knibbs, L. D., Stuetz, R. M., & Dansie, A. P. (2024). Review of scientific research on air quality and environmental health risk and impact for PICTS. Science of The Total Environment, 942, 173628. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173628
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI).(2014). Las zonas metropolitanas en México. https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/ce/2014/doc/minimonografias/m_zmm_ce2014.pdf
Jiang, J., & Jin, A. (2025). Study on the Dispersion Law of Typical Pollutants in Winter by Complex Geographic Environment Based on the Coupling of GIS and CFD—A Case Study of the Urumqi Region. Applied Sciences, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052469
Jindamanee, K., Thepanondh, S., Keawboonchu, J., Pinthong, N., & Meeyai, A. (2024). Manifesting the hidden pollutants: Quantifying emissions and environmental impact of petroleum refinery on PM2.5. Atmospheric Envi-ronment: X, 24, 100300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100300
Karami, S., Ghassabi, Z., Khoddam, N., & Habibi, M. (2025). Investigating Meteorological Factors Influencing Pollutant Concentrations and Coper-nicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) Model Forecasts in the Tehran Metropolis. Atmosphere, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16030264
Khalili, A., Vines, W. E., & Rifai, H. S. (2025). A Place-Based County-Level Study of Air Quality and Health in Urban Communities. Sustainability, 17(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125368
Kowalska, M., Skrzypek, M., Kowalski, M., & Cyrys, J. (2020). Effect of NOx and NO2 Concentration Increase in Ambient Air to Daily Bronchitis and Asthma Exacerbation, Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. International Jour-nal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030754
Li, R., He, X., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., Mei, X., Zhang, F., & Chen, L. (2022). Estimating Emissions from Crop Residue Open Burning in Cen-tral China from 2012 to 2020 Using Statistical Models Combined with Satellite Observations. Remote Sensing, 14(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153682
Lorinț, C., Traistă, E., Florea, A., Marchiș, D., Radu, S. M., Nicola, A., & Rezmerița, E. (2025). Spatiotemporal Distribution and Evolution of Air Pollutants Based on Comparative Analysis of Long-Term Monitoring Data and Snow Samples in Petroșani Mountain Depression, Romania. Sustain-ability, 17(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073141
Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020a). Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 505570. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2020.00014/BIBTEX
Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020b). Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Frontiers in Public Health, Volume 8-2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014
Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020c). Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Frontiers in Public Health, Volume 8-2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014
Meo, S. A., Salih, M. A., Alkhalifah, J. M., Alsomali, A. H., & Almushawah, A. A. (2024). Environmental pollutants particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), Car-bon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), and Ozone (O3) impact on lung functions. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 36(7), 103280. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103280
Mo, J., Gong, S., He, J., Zhang, L., Ke, H., & An, X. (2022). Quantification of SO2 Emission Variations and the Corresponding Prediction Improve-ments Made by Assimilating Ground-Based Observations. Atmosphere, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13030470
Nie, T., Chen, J., Ji, Y., Lin, T., & Wang, J. (2023). Impact of Air Pollution on Respiratory Diseases in Typical Industrial City in the North China Plain. Sustainability, 15(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411198
Ojeda-Castillo, V., Murillo-Tovar, M. A., Hernández-Mena, L., Saldarriaga-Noreña, H., Vargas-Amado, M. E., Herrera-López, E. J., & Díaz, J. (2025). Tropospheric NO2: Anthropogenic Influence, Global Trends, Satellite Da-ta, and Machine Learning Application. Remote Sensing, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17010049
Orellano, P., Reynoso, J., & Quaranta, N. (2021). Short-term exposure to sul-phur dioxide (SO2) and all-cause and respiratory mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environment International, 150, 106434. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106434
Pagano, E., & Barbierato, E. (2024). A Time Series Approach to Smart City Transformation: The Problem of Air Pollution in Brescia. AI, 5(1), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5010002
Patiño-Aroca, M., Hernández-Paredes, T., Panchana-López, C., & Borge, R. (2024). Source apportionment of ambient pollution levels in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Heliyon, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31613
Perera, F., & Nadeau, K. (2022). Climate Change, Fossil-Fuel Pollution, and Children’s Health. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(24), 2303–2314. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMRA2117706/SUPPL_FILE/NEJMRA2117706_DISCLOSURES.PDF
Pozzer, A., Anenberg, S. C., Dey, S., Haines, A., Lelieveld, J., & Chowdhury, S. (2023). Mortality Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: A Review of Global Estimates. GeoHealth, 7(1), e2022GH000711. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GH000711
Qian, Y., Cai, R., Su, X., Li, Q., Jin, S., Shi, W., Chen, R., Wang, C., & He, J. (2024). Residential Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure and Cause-Specific Cere-brovascular Mortality: An Individual-Level, Case-Crossover Study. Tox-ics, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010010
Ren, Y., Shen, G., Shen, H., Zhong, Q., Xu, H., Meng, W., Zhang, W., Yu, X., Yun, X., Luo, Z., Chen, Y., Li, B., Cheng, H., Zhu, D., & Tao, S. (2021). Contributions of biomass burning to global and regional SO2 emissions. Atmospheric Research, 260, 105709. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105709
Savioli, G., Gri, N., Ceresa, I. F., Piccioni, A., Zanza, C., Longhitano, Y., Rice-vuti, G., Daccò, M., Esposito, C., & Candura, S. M. (2024). Carbon Mon-oxide Poisoning: From Occupational Health to Emergency Medicine. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092466
Shen, F., Zhang, L., Jiang, L., Tang, M., Gai, X., Chen, M., & Ge, X. (2020). Temporal variations of six ambient criteria air pollutants from 2015 to 2018, their spatial distributions, health risks and relationships with soci-oeconomic factors during 2018 in China. Environment International, 137, 105556. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105556
SEDATU (Secretaria de Desarrollo Agrario, Territorial y Urbano. 2018. Delimi-tación de las zonas metropolitanas de México. 1-168.
Sokolova, O., Yurgenson, A., & Shakhov, V. (2025). Development of Air Qual-ity Monitoring Systems: Balancing Infrastructure Investment and User Satisfaction Policies. Sensors, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030875
Wei, S., Hong, Q., Tan, W., Chen, J., Li, T., Wang, X., Xue, J., Fang, J., Liu, C., Tanvir, A., Xing, C., & Liu, C. (2024). Spatiotemporal Distribution, Sources, and Impact on Atmospheric Oxidation of Reactive Nitrogen Ox-ides in the North China Plain Agricultural Regions in Summer. Remote Sensing, 16(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173192

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
